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Was the San Francisco Area Nuked in 1944?
By rickyjames, Section News
Posted on Mon May 26, 2003 at 03:37:31 AM PST

Physics Update [2003-5-26 7:42:14 by rickyjames]: For Memorial Day, I've decided to recycle two stories I've previously published here that discuss the deaths of American soldiers. Their sacrifice is the reason we all have so very much today, including an Internet full of websites like this one that are the embodiment of free speech. Thank you, men and women of the military, this day and always.

In July 1944 over 300 U.S. military personnel, mostly African-Americans, were killed in a titanic explosion at the Port Chicago munitions loading docks 30 miles northeast of San Francisco. The subsequent initial refusal of the 700 survivors to continue loading munitions aboard US Navy ships bound for World War II Pacific action was the largest mutiny in U.S. military history.

But just what WERE the munitions that exploded that day in California?

Researcher Peter Vogel has web-published a very detailed, book-length footnote to this historical incident entitled The Last Wave From Port Chicago. He claims that in addition to the Mark I uranium metal bomb with 20 kiloton yield under development at Los Alamos and first used in August 1945 on Hiroshima, there was also a Mark II uranium hydride bomb under development with a yield of "only" 2 kilotons and intended to destroy enemy defenses on invasion beaches of Japan. Because of its greater simplicity and lower uranium requirements, the Mark II was supposedly developed a year before the Mark I. Vogel claims the Mark II bomb was accidentally detonated, or perhaps even deliberately tested, at Port Chicago. To maintain strict secrecy for another year of Manhattan Project development of the Mark I, the fiction of a conventional munitions accident as a plausible cover story was implemented and continues to this day.

It sounds like sci-fi, but could it be true? Did the home-port detonation of a revolutionary experimental weapon and a follow-on cover-up really occur? Sounds horrific today, but the US was in a life-or-death war at that time, only a month after the Saving-Private-Ryan D-Day invasions and with planning underway for similar invasions of Japanese beaches that would have estimated American casualties approaching a million men. Vogel makes a surprisingly convincing argument that the Port Chicago explosion was in fact low-yield nuclear, worth reading for his insights into the Manhattan Project Mark II program alone.

Was the San Francisco Area Nuked in 1944? | 9 comments (9 topical, 0 hidden)

Discussed extensively on /. (5.00 / 3) (#1)
by chad on Mon May 26, 2003 at 07:47:39 AM PST

... at this link. The general consensus was that a conventional explosion could easily have created the blast--including the mushroom cloud--and that there was no residual radiation. But these were only the opinions of slashdotters and may not have much of a basis in reality.

Also, here are some interesting stats from chapter 9 of Vogel's book:

The buildings of the Naval Magazine were damaged extensively; sporadic damage to structural members of buildings was proven up to 13 miles - Suval [railroad] Station, California; plate glass was broken up to 35.5 miles - Petaluma, California; and a legitimate claim for plaster damage was reported at 48 miles - Calistoga, California.
Death count: 320 dead, 81 bodies recovered, of which 30 were positively identified.

A pilot flying at 9000 feet saw pieces of white-hot metal rise above his altitude.

I'm impressed...

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Check out Chad's News
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Was Halifax nuked in WW-I? (4.50 / 2) (#6)
by Anonymous on Tue May 27, 2003 at 07:53:46 AM PST
I suppose Halifax was also nuked with munitions intended for use against the Kaiser.

This argument conveniently forgets two different issues of scale. The first is that a cargo ship can contain more than a thousand tons of high explosives, and each pound of modern HE may be comparable to 4-6 pounds of TNT. Put them together and you have a yield around 5kt in conventional explosives. But where a nuclear bomb might fit into a parking space, the cargo ship may require a football field.

The second issue of scale is the damage caused by large explosions does not scale linearly with their yield. I seem to recall it was something along the lines of a 2/5 power law. At first glance, the damage caused by a 20kT nuclear explosion and a 5kT conventional one will look fairly similar. (Excluding any fires set by the nuclear "flash.")

There are several other, well-known reasons why the Port of Chicago and Halifax explosions caused so much damage. E.g., the nuclear explosions were airbursts, and air is highly compressible. The conventional explosions were in ships, and water is highly incompressible and the effects of explosions carry far. This point was driven home during subsequent tests in the South Pacific - most if not all ships survived a nearby nuclear airburst. But a subsequent test, denonated far underwater, threw a column of water high into the air and snapped the spine of numerous ships.



2KT from 2.4KT (4.00 / 1) (#5)
by Anonymous on Tue May 27, 2003 at 07:37:43 AM PST
It is hardly surprising that with 2,400 pounds of explosive, the result was a blast similar to that of 2,000 pounds.



Was the San Francisco Area Nuked in 1944? | 9 comments (9 topical, 0 hidden)

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Related Science Links
· explosion at the Port Chicago munitions loading docks
· largest mutiny in U.S. military history
· The Last Wave From Port Chicago
· Mark I uranium metal bomb
· uranium hydride bomb
· estimated American casualties approaching a million men
· More on Physics
· Also by rickyjames

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